Application of carbon dioxide as a novel approach to eradicate poultry red mites

Poultry red mites (PRMs), Dermanyssus gallinae, are one of the most harmful ectoparasites of laying hens. Because of their public health impact, safe, effective methods to eradicate PRMs are greatly needed. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) was shown to eradicate phytophagous mites;however, there is no evidence that PRMs can be eradicated by CO2. Thus, the efficacy of CO2, applied by direct-spraying and dry ice-generated exposure, for eradicating PRMs was investigated. Both treatments eradicated > 85% of PRMs within 24 h and 100% of PRMs by 120 h of post-treatment. Therefore, these novel approaches may be useful for eradicating PRMs in clinical settings.

Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain of wild birds in Korea—2014 to 2016

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity level can be used as a diagnostic marker for anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning. In this study, we aimed to establish a baseline level of normal brain AChE activity in wild birds. AChE activity was measured in the brains of 87dead wild birds (26 species). The level of AChE activity ranged from 6.40 to 15.9 µmol/min/g of brain tissue in normal wild birds. However, the brain tissue AChE activity level in wild birds exposed to organophosphate (OP) pesticide was 48.0%–96.3% of that in the normal birds. These results may serve as reference values to facilitate routine diagnosis and monitoring of OP-poisoned wild birds.

Guideline on safety evaluation of cell-based medicinal products for animal use

With the increased use of cell therapy in the veterinary sector, there is a growing demand for the development of cell-based medicinal products and the determination of their safety. Currently, the Korean Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency has established a guideline for evaluating the safety of cell-based medicinal products for animal use. The guideline includes items related to definition, classification, management, manufacturing procedure and quality control (standard and test method), stability testing, toxicity testing, pharmacological testing, and performance of clinical trials. In addition, testing protocols related to safety assessment of animal cell-based products such as chromosome karyotyping, tumorigenicity testing, confirmatory testing of biodistribution and kinetics, and target animal safety testing are described in detail. Moreover, because cell-based medicinal products are novel therapies, deviations from traditional designs may be justified in order to obtain relevant safety information on the treatment. Additionally, this guideline can be amended on the basis of new scientific findings.

High-content analysis of in vitro hepatocyte injury induced by various hepatotoxicants

In vitro prediction of hepatotoxicity can enhance the performance of non-clinical animal testing for identifying chemical hazards. In this study, we assessed high-content analysis (HCA) using multi-parameter cell-based assays as an in vitro hepatotoxicity testing model using various hepatotoxicants and human hepatocytes such as HepG2 cells and human primary hepatocytes (hPHs). Both hepatocyte types were exposed separately to multiple doses of ten hepatotoxicants associated with liver injury whose mechanisms of action have been described. HCA data were obtained using fluorescence probes for nuclear size (Hoechst), mitochondrial membrane potential (TMRM), cytosolic free calcium (Fluo-4AM), and lipid peroxidation (BODIPY). Cellular alterations were observed in response to all hepatotoxicants tested. The most sensitive parameter was TMRM, with high sensitivity at a low dose, next was BODIPY, followed by Fluo-4AM. HCA data from HepG2 cells and hPHs were generally concordant, although some inconsistencies were noted. Both hepatocyte types showed mild or severe mitochondrial impairment and lipid peroxidation in response to several hepatotoxicants. The results demonstrate that the application of HCA to in vitro hepatotoxicity testing enables more efficient hazard identification, and further, they suggest that certain parameters could serve as sensitive endpoints for predicting the hepatotoxic potential of chemical compounds.

Biportal Endoscopic Spine Surgery for Various Foraminal Lesions at the Lumbosacral Lesion

The stenosing foramen of L5–S1 by several degenerative diseases is one of the challenging areas on surgical approaching because of the deeper depth and steep slope in the lumbosacral junction. The floating view using unilateral biportal endoscopic spine surgery rather than docking into the Kambin’s zone can make the foraminal structures seen panoramically and permit dynamic handling of various instruments without destroying the facet joint and causing iatrogenic instability. Fine discrimination of structural margins in helps of the higher magnification and gentle manipulation of neural structures just as in open spine surgery could be guaranteed using floating technique from the target structures. Selective decompression with preserving innocent structures including facet joints could relieve foraminal lesions at the L5–S1 and decrease the necessity of fusion surgery caused by wider decompression and iatrogenic instability.

Learning Curve Associated with Complications in Biportal Endoscopic Spinal Surgery: Challenges and Strategies

STUDY DESIGN: Descriptions of technical strategies to overcome pitfalls associated with early learning periods in biportal endoscopic spinal surgery (BESS). PURPOSE: To introduce BESS for lumbar spinal diseases (LSDs) and to inform certain challenges to be overcome in mastering the technique. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: BESS has shown superior benefits including excellent magnification, a wider range of view by dynamic handling of an endoscope and instruments. Clinical reports, however, have not yet been very revealing for its new introduction into minimally invasive spine surgery. METHODS: To evaluate the learning curve for BESS, the procedures for various LSDs by one surgeon were analyzed in the view of shortening of the operating times and reduction of complications. Reviewing of recorded procedures helped in finding the reasons and the implemented solutions. RESULTS: The 68 cases included 25 for lumbar disc herniation (LDH), 3 for revision for recurred LDH, 39 for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and 1 for synovial cyst. The operation time for the total cases averaged 83.7±33.6 minutes. According to diagnosis, it was 68.2±23.7 minutes for LDH. After the 14th case of LDH, it was nearly constant and close to the average time. One level of LSS needed 110.4±34.4 minutes. Prolonged operation times even in some later cases of LSS were mainly from struggling against blurred vision due to epidural bleeding. There were 7 cases of complications (10.3%) including 2 cases of dural tear, 1 case of root injury, and 4 cases of incomplete decompression on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. There was no case of symptomatic hematoma or wound infection. CONCLUSIONS: BESS seemed to have a relatively short learning curve period. The overall complication rate in early learning period was 10.3%. These could be avoided by magnified regional views on an endoscope and a clear surgical field by controlling epidural bleeding.

First Metatarsal Proximal Opening Wedge Osteotomy for Correction of Hallux Valgus Deformity: Comparison of Straight versus Oblique Osteotomy

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare clinical and radiographic outcomes of proximal opening wedge osteotomy using a straight versus oblique osteotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 104 consecutive first metatarsal proximal opening wedge osteotomies performed in 95 patients with hallux valgus deformity. Twenty-six feet were treated using straight metatarsal osteotomy (group A), whereas 78 feet were treated using oblique metatarsal osteotomy (group B). The hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle (IMA), distal metatarsal articular angle, and distance from the first to the second metatarsal (distance) were measured for radiographic evaluation, whereas the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) forefoot score was used for clinical evaluation. RESULTS: Significant corrections in the HVA, IMA, and distance from the first to the second metatarsal were obtained in both groups at the last follow-up (p<0.001). There was no difference in the mean IMA correction between the 2 groups (6.1+/-2.7degrees in group A and 6.0+/-2.1degrees in group B). However, a greater correction in the HVA and distance from the first to the second metatarsal were found in group B (HVA, 13.2+/-8.2degrees; distance, 25.1+/-0.2 mm) compared to group A (HVA, 20.9+/-7.7degrees; distance, 28.1+/-0.3 mm; p<0.001). AOFAS scores were improved in both groups. However, group B demonstrated a greater improvement relative to group A (p=0.005). CONCLUSION: Compared with a straight first metatarsal osteotomy, an oblique first metatarsal osteotomy yielded better clinical and radiological outcomes.

Result of Total Knee Arthroplasty in Pre-operative Adreanal Insufficiency Patients / 대한정형외과연구학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate to effect of adrenal insufficiency on the results of TKA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 89 patients (89 knees) treated with TKA from March, 2008 to October, 2008 were enrolled in this study. Levels of serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were checked preoperatively. Hydrocortisone 50~75 mg was injected to adrenal insufficient group at 7:00 AM and 4:00 PM on operative day and the following day. We evaluated the range of motion, the knee society knee score and function score at preoperatively and 2 years follow up, and compared the results between non-adrenal insufficiency group (NAI) and adrenal insufficiency group (AI). RESULTS: Cortisol and ACTH levels were reduced in 36 of 89 patients. All of 36 patients of low cortisol level do not stimulated in ACTH stimulation test. In the adrenal insufficiency group the knee society score (KSS) improved from 49.8 to 86.8 and the knee society functional score (KSFS) from 42.6 to 89.5 at 2 years follow-up. In the control group KSS rose from 51.9 to 84.3 and KSFS from 49.4 to 88.6 during the same period. In adrenal insufficient patients, there were no postoperative complication to include mortality, infection, periprosthetic fracture except skin lesions during operation or postoperatively. There was a case of rupture of quadriceps tendon on the 10th postoperative day which was treated with primary repair. CONCLUSION: Based on our study, there was no increased operative and postoperative complications except skin lesions and 1 case quadricepse tendon rupture in patients with adrenal insufficiency group.

Pitfalls in the use of Multidetector Row CT Angiography for Identification of Intracranial Vascular Abnormalities : Focus on the Various Radiological Findings / 대한뇌혈관외과학회지

OBJECTIVE: Multidetector-Row computed tomographic angiography (MDCTA) is a promising method for detection and surgical planning of intracranial vascular abnormalities. However, there are several problems, such as image degradation due to inevitable patients movement, venous contamination, kissing vessel artifact, demonstration of venous structures mimicking aneurysm and bone artifacts. The purpose of our study is to review our recent experience with false negative or positive cases on MDCTA. METHODS: Between May 2007 and May 2010, 259 consecutive patients, who were diagnosed with intracranial aneurysms or other vascular abnormalities by MDCTA, were retrospectively reviewed. Among the 259 patients, 172 patients who underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA), which was considered as the standard of reference, were included in the study. Two neuroradiologists and two neurosurgeons evaluated independently and separately all of the MDCTA images. RESULTS: A total 26 cases (15.3%) were revealed abnormal vascular findings on MDCTA. There were 11 false negatives on MDCTA including incomplete scanning range of lesion site (n=3), a blood blister aneurysm (n=1), severe vasospasm (n=4) and bone artifacts (n=3). Also there were 15 false positives on MDCTA; venous contamination over the lesion site (n=6), focal dilation of the bifurcation or branching site of major vessels (n=6) and poor quality of the images due to inevitable patients movement (n=3). CONCLUSIONS: MDCTA is clearly not the total answer for aneurysm diagnosis. We recommend that MDCTA scanning range is planned to encompass the whole intracerebral vasculature. Close attention to image acquisition and interpretation are required to reduce errors in MDCTA of intracranial aneurysms.

Transforaminal Selective Nerve Root Blocks for Treating Single Lumbosacral Radiculopathy: The Short-term Outcome and Efficiency / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: We wanted to determine the clinic usefulness of selective nerve root block for treating lumbosacral radiculopathy that's due to a herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) or foraminal stenosis (FS) by analyzing the short-term results after the selective nerve root block (SNRB) procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-five patients were investigated in our research. Sixty-five patients were divided into two groups: thirty-seven patients of group one were the HNP patients and twenty-eight patients of group two were the FS patients. The effect of SNRB treatment was assessed by the degree of radiating pain in lower legs with using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and patients' subjective satisfaction. The average overall follow-up period was eleven months: that of the first group was 13.5 months and that of the group was 7.6 months. RESULTS: For the 65 patients, the average VAS was 7.8 before a SNRB procedure and this decreased to 2.9 and 3.4 after one to three SNRB procedures, respectively. For group one, the VAS was 7.4 before the procedure and it decreased to 3.3 at one month and 3.7 at three months after the procedure. For group two, the VAS was 8.3 before the SNRB procedure and this favorably changed to 2.3 at one month and 3.0 at three months after the procedure. An operation was carried out due to no response for 8 patients (12%) and due to aggravation for 4 patients (6%) after the SNRB procedures. Three patients (8%) of group one and two patients (11%) of group two obtained pain relief at one month and aggravation at three months, respectively. On comparing the two groups, a better treatment effect was observed for the FS group after one month (p=0.002) and three months (p=0.01). Complications related to the SNRB procedure haaves not been observed in both groups. CONCLUSION: The SNRB procedure is a very effective and safe procedure, after the appearance of symptoms, as a non-operative treatment for single lumbosacral radiculopathy due to a herniated nucleus pulposus or foraminal stenosis. This treatment appears to be more effective for the FS group than for the HNP group and it should be considered before carrying out an operative treatment.

The Use of Medical Devices for Medical Skin Care and the Legal Issues / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Medical skin care is essential for the treatment of skin diseases all over the world. Medical skin care is also part of medical practice and this must be differentiated from the simple skin care that is given for normal healthy skin. OBJECTIVE: We wanted to discuss medical skin care and the related medical devices and legal issues. METHODS: We reviewed the related laws and regulations, we consulted experts and associations and we analyzed the result of the survey. RESULTS: Legally, medical skin care and simple skin care are well classified. However, many illegal procedures are still performed by non-medical personnel and many adverse effects have been reported as a result. Furthermore, there are no legal restrictions for the performer based on the grade of each medical skin care procedure. CONCLUSION: For the best results and safe procedures, medical skin care must be performed by approved medical equipment under the supervision of a physician or medical personnel. Continuous control and guidance by the government is strongly needed.

A comparative study on radiopacity of canal filling and retrograde root-end filling materials / 대한치과보존학회지

This study was performed to assess the radiopacity of a variety of canal filling and retrograde root-end filling materials according to the specification concerning root canal obturation materials. Ten materials including Gutta-percha pellets, amalgam, Fuji II LC, Dyract(R) AP, Super EBA(R), IRM(R), AH 26(R), Sealapex(TM), Tubli-Seal(TM) and dentin were evaluated in this study. In the first part, densitometric reading of an each step of aluminum step wedge on occlusal film were performed at 60 kVp (0.2, 0.3, 0.4 s), 70 kVp (0.2, 0.3, 0.33 s) to decide appropriate voltage and exposure time. In the second part, ten specimens which are 5 mm in diameter and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mm in thickness, were fabricated from each material studied. The specimens were radiographed simultaneously with an aluminum step wedge under decided condition (60 kVp, 0.2 s). The mean radiographic density values of the materials were transformed into radiopacity expressed equivalent thickness of aluminum (mm Al). The following results were obtained. 1. Among the various conditions including 0.2 s, 0.3 s, 0.4 s at 60 kVp and 0.2 s, 0.3 s, 0.33 s at 70 kVp, the appropriate voltage and exposure time that meet the requirement of density from 0.5 to 2.0 was 0.2 s at 60 kVp. 2. All of the materials in this study had greater radiopacity than the minimun level recommended by ISO No. 4049 standards. 3. Most of the materials had greater radiopacity than 3 mm Al requirement of ANSI/ADA specification No. 57 (2000) and ISO No. 6876 (2001) standards except for Fuji II LC and Dyract. It suggests that all experimental canal filling and retrograde root-end filling materials have a sufficient radiopacity that meet the requirement concerning root canal obturation materials except for Fuji II LC and Dyract.

Distal Radioulnar Joint Injuries Associated with Intra-articular Fracture of Distal Radius

PURPOSE: To evaluate the significance of distal radioulnar joint injury which may affect the postoperative radiologic and clinical results of AO classification, type C distal radius fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 2000 to October 2005, 58 patients of AO classification, type C distal radius fracture, who had been treated with operative methods were studied. They are thirty-six men and twenty-two women. The average follow up period was 14 months. The patients were divided into five groups. In the first group (13 cases), there was no distal radioulnar joint injuries. In the second group (20 cases), there were ulnar styloid fractures. In the third group (11 cases), there were separation of distal radioulnar joint. In the fourth group (9 cases), there were ulnar styloid fractures with separation of distal radioulnar joint. In the fifth group (5 cases), there were displacement of ulna in sagittal plane. We measured the radial length, radial inclination and volar tilt in plain radiograph in each group and analyzed the results through Scheck's methods. To analyzed the clinical results, we used the Demerit Point System by Sarmiento. RESULTS: There was no significant differences in radiologic and clinical results among the five groups. CONCLUSION: According to compairing the radiologic results of each group which was suspicious of distal radioulnar joint injuries, in the intraarticular comminuted fractures of distal radius, the distal radioulnar joint injuries did not affect the results of treatment when anatomical reduction of distal radius was achieved.

Operative Treatment for Avulsion Fracture of Base of the Fifth Metatarsal / 대한족부족관절학회지

PURPOSE: To analyze the clinical and radiological results of the operative treatment in the avulsion fracture on the base of the fifth metatarsal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied retrospectively, 11 patients of avulsion fracture on the base of the fifth metatarsal operated and followed over 1 year, from February 2000 to May 2002. There were eight men and three women and the average age was 39 years old. The mean follow up period was 14 months. Ten cases were slip-down and one case was fall from a height injuries. We used the modified Foot Score by Wiener for the clinical evaluation, and analyzed the time of union and state of reduction radiologically. RESULTS: In clinical results, we had ten excellent and one good cases by the modified Foot Score at last follow-up. In radiologic results, the complete bony union was achieved in all cases and the duration of the bony union was 37 days in average. CONCLUSION: We had good result for the avulsion fractures on the base of the fifth metatarsal treated by the operation. This study shows the operation was recommended for the moderate and severe displacement of the avulsion fractures on the base of the fifth metatarsal.

Anterolateral Approach for the Distal Metaphyseal Fracture of the Tibia

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of anterolateral approach of the ankle for the distal tibial fracture in aspect of preventing complication and acquiring union. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Authors reviewed 21 patients of distal metaphyseal fracture of the tibia treated by anterolateral approach and lateral plating method from February, 2000 to May, 2002. Mean follow-up period was 17 months (12~29 months). There were twelve type A, two type B, and four type C patients according to AO/OTA classification. We have analyzed the bone union rate and Ovadia`s functional scale. We also reviewed the complication rate, such as soft tissue problem and postoperative infection. RESULTS: In all cases union was achieved and mean time to union were 16 weeks. The functional result by Ovadia's scale were 17 excellent cases and 4 good cases in objective evaluation, and 19 excellent cases and 2 good cases in subjective evaluation. Wound infection occurred in one case, but the infection was controlled after plate removal and the union was acquired through cast immobilization. There was no other complication, such as soft tissue necrosis. CONCLUSION: The anterolateral approach is a safe and worthwhile method for distal tibia fracture while avoiding some of the complication associated with standard anteromedial approach and plating method.

A case of giant cell tumor of tendon sheath / 대한피부과학회지

Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath(GCTTS) is a benign mesenchymal lesion composed of cytologically bland mononuclear cells admixed with multinucleated giant cells. Our report describes the clinical and pathologic features of a 36-year-old female's tumor with a two years history over the lateral side of the left little finger, Especially, we could observe the characteristic thre types of cells in an electromicroscopic study, histiocyte-like cells, fibroblast-like cells and multinucleated giant cells. In lmmunohistochemical studies, we demonstrated that the tumor cells of GCTTS exhibit a phenotype consistent with histiocyte differentiated to Langerhan's cell.

A Case of Cutaneous Metastasis from Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma / 대한피부과학회지

Cutaneous metastases from internal carcinomas are relatively rare, especially from pancreatic carcinoma. Pancreatic carcinomas are usually adenocarcinomas which arise in the head of the gland, and are known to rapidly metastasize to the lymphatic system by permeation and embolization. We report a case of cutaneous metastasis from pancreatic adenocarcinoma. in 74-year-old male patient who have two pea sized, slight erythematous nodules on the lower abdomen and posterior side of the neck.

A Clinical Study on Erythema Nodosum and Erythema Induratum / 대한피부과학회지

Sixty-six cases of erythena nodosum(EN) and erythema induraturn(EI) were examined pathologically and clinically. Pathologically 23 cases were erythema nodosum, 43 cases were erytherna induratum. Pathological diagnosis made without any prior knowledge of the clinical and laboratory data. Clinical manifestations were reviewed on basis of pathological diagnosis. The results are as follows; l. EN and EI mainly occurred in female, age of twenties and during spring season. There was no difference in sex, age and seasonal incidence between EN and EI. 2. Both EN and EI affected chiefly the shins. EI was more common than EN in cases of calf involvement. 3. Tenderness and systemic symptoms developed more often in EN, while ulcers occurred only in EI. 4 EI had relatively long duration. There was no difference in the recurrence rate between EN and EI. 5. Pulmonary tuberculosis was found only in El on chest X-rays. 6. Clinical and pathological diagnosis was identical in almost cases of EN but those were variable in case of EI.

A Case of Clear Cell Sarcoma in Left Foot / 대한피부과학회지

Clear cell sarcoma of tendon and aponeuroses is slow growing and painless. It occur chiefIy in young adults, predominates in women and is most common in the region of the foot and knee. It is intimately bound to tendons or aponeuroses and is composed of srnall nest or aggregates of round or fusiform, pale staining cells showing prominent nucleoli. And it is tend to recur and to resuIt in eventual development of metastatic growth after a protracted clinical ccurs. Herein, we report a case of clear cell sarcorna of tendon anu aponeuross of metatarsophalangeal joint area between 2nd and 3rd light of left foot. The patient, 50-year-old female had a slow groving, asymptomatic, slightly eevated, emooth surfaced and normal skin colored mass for 2 years. Histopatholcigic tindings in dermis revealed nests of atypical polygonal or monotonous cells. Each cell had vesicular or hyperchrornatic nucleus with prominent nucleoli, occcasionally mitotic figure and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. For. treatment, transmetatarsal amputation was done.

Contact Dermatitis due to Stearic Acid in Eye Cosmetics / 대한피부과학회지

Cosmetic dermatitis of the eyelids may be caused not only by eye make-up but also by cosmetics used elsewhere and conveyed by the fingers to the eyelids. The thin skin of the eyelid is highly susceptible to contact dermatitis, particularly from cosrnetics. A 28 year old female was reported to have contact dermatitis caused by stearic acid in eye cosmetics. The skin lesiens of this patient showed erythematous, edematous, vesicular ruptions on both the upper and lower eyelids. The patch test results were positive for both cornmercial eyeliner and fluid mascara on the second and fourth day. Many of all the ingredients in the eyeliner and fluid mascara, only stearic acid gave positive result on patch tests.